Friday, May 24, 2013

Tea party storm largely inside IRS _ so far

IRS official Lois Lerner is sworn in on Capitol Hill in Washington, Wednesday, May 22, 2013, before the House Oversight Committee hearing to investigate the extra scrutiny IRS gave to Tea Party and other conservative groups that applied for tax-exempt status. Lerner told the committee she did nothing wrong and then invoked her constitutional right to not answer lawmakers' questions. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster)

IRS official Lois Lerner is sworn in on Capitol Hill in Washington, Wednesday, May 22, 2013, before the House Oversight Committee hearing to investigate the extra scrutiny IRS gave to Tea Party and other conservative groups that applied for tax-exempt status. Lerner told the committee she did nothing wrong and then invoked her constitutional right to not answer lawmakers' questions. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster)

House Oversight Committee Chairman Rep. Darrell Issa, R-Calif. holds up a document as he speaks to IRS official Lois Lerner on Capitol Hill in Washington, Wednesday, May 22, 2013, during the committee's hearing to investigate the extra scrutiny IRS gave to Tea Party and other conservative groups that applied for tax-exempt status. Lerner told the committee she did nothing wrong and then invoked her constitutional right to not answer lawmakers' questions. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster)

Lois Lerner, head of the IRS unit that decides whether to grant tax-exempt status to groups, listens on Capitol Hill in Washington, Wednesday, May 22, 2013, during a House Oversight and Government Reform Committee hearing to investigate the extra scrutiny the IRS gave to Tea Party and other conservative groups that applied for tax-exempt status. Lerner later invoked her constitutional right to not answer questions and was dismissed by House Oversight Committee Chairman Darrell Issa, R-Calif. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)

From left, Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration J. Russell George, former IRS Commissioner Douglas Shulman, Lois Lerner, head of the IRS unit that decides whether to grant tax-exempt status to groups, and Deputy Treasury Secretary Neal Wolin, are sworn in on Capitol Hill in Washington, Wednesday, May 22, 2013, prior to testifying before the House Oversight Committee hearing to investigate the extra scrutiny the Internal Revenue Service gave Tea Party and other conservative groups that applied for tax-exempt status. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)

IRS official Lois Lerner arrives on Capitol Hill in Washington, Wednesday, May 22, 2013, to testify before the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee hearing to investigate the extra scrutiny IRS gave to Tea Party and other conservative groups that applied for tax-exempt status. Lerner told the committee she did nothing wrong and then invoked her constitutional right to not answer lawmakers' questions. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster)

(AP) ? Three days of congressional hearings about the Internal Revenue Service's targeting of conservative political groups have lawmakers looking for ways to widen an investigation that has so far been largely contained within the tax collection agency.

More than 11 hours of testimony and an inspector general's report have revealed plenty of wrongdoing within the IRS. But so far, investigators have not produced evidence that anyone outside the IRS authorized the targeting, or even knew about it before a few weeks ago.

They will keep trying.

Three congressional committees are investigating the matter, and the leaders of those committees say they are just getting started. The Justice Department has launched a criminal investigation, and the new acting head of the IRS says he is conducting an internal review.

Congressional investigators have already started interviewing IRS employees, said Rep. Charles Boustany, R-La., chairman of the House Ways and Means oversight subcommittee. In the coming days, they plan to interview IRS workers in the Cincinnati office where agents singled out conservative political groups for additional scrutiny when they applied for tax-exempt status, Boustany said.

Expect more congressional hearings in June, he said.

"The long and short of the situation is this: The public doesn't know the full story yet," Senate Republican Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky said Thursday.

Thursday morning, new acting IRS Commissioner Danny Werfel met with Sen. Orrin Hatch of Utah, the senior Republican on the Senate Finance Committee. During the meeting, Hatch told Werfel he expects the IRS to fully cooperate with committee's investigation, a Hatch spokeswoman said.

President Barack Obama appointed Werfel last week; he started Wednesday. In an email to agency employees, Werfel sounded the same theme.

"The first step in this effort must be to get to the bottom of the recent allegations regarding the criteria to determine eligibility for tax-exempt status," Werfel wrote.

"The missteps uncovered in the recent inspector general report are inexcusable and cannot be tolerated by any of us," he said. "That is why we must work together with the inspector general, the Justice Department and Congress to ensure that responsible parties are held accountable for the inappropriate activities that occurred and that we correct the breakdowns in process and oversight that allowed them to occur."

The White House has not been unscathed. Obama's top spokesman said Wednesday the White House was facing "legitimate criticisms" for its shifting accounts about who knew, and when they knew, about the IRS targeting of conservative political groups.

Press secretary Jay Carney first said that only Obama's top lawyer knew the IRS was being investigated in the weeks before the inspector general's report was released. Later, he said the chief of staff and other top officials also knew.

"There have been some legitimate criticisms about how we're handling this," Carney said. "And I say 'legitimate' because I mean it."

The inspector general's report, which was released last week, said IRS agents in a Cincinnati office targeted tea party and other conservative groups for additional scrutiny when they applied for tax-exempt status. They started targeting these groups in March or April of 2010. By August 2010, "tea party" became part of a "be on the lookout," or "BOLO," list of terms to flag for additional screening.

Lois Lerner, who heads the IRS division that handles applications for tax-exempt status, learned in June 2011 that agents were singling out groups with "Tea Party" and "Patriots" in their applications for tax-exempt status, the report said. She ordered agents to scrap the criteria immediately, but later they evolved to include groups that promoted the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.

It finally stopped in May 2012, when top agency officials say they found out and ordered agents to adopt appropriate criteria for determining whether tax-exempt groups were overly political.

Former IRS Commissioner Douglas Shulman told two congressional committees this week that he first learned in the spring of 2012 that conservative groups had been improperly singled out for additional scrutiny. However, after learning that the practice had stopped and that the inspector general was investigating, Shulman said he didn't tell anyone in the Treasury Department or the White House about it. The IRS is part of the Treasury Department.

Shulman, who was appointed by President George W. Bush, left office in November, when his five-year term expired.

Lerner was subpoenaed to testify Wednesday before the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee. Her appearance was brief. She read an opening statement in which she denied any wrongdoing. Then she refused to answer questions, invoking her constitutional right against self-incrimination.

"I have not done anything wrong," Lerner said. "I have not broken any laws, I have not violated any IRS rules or regulations, and I have not provided false information to this or any other congressional committee."

Committee Chairman Darrell Issa, R-Calif., said he might recall her. He and other Republicans say they believe she forfeited her Fifth Amendment privilege not to testify by giving an opening statement in which she proclaimed her innocence, but several law professors were skeptical lawmakers could make that stick.

Issa later said he would consult with others ? including her lawyer and House attorneys ? before determining whether to summon her again, hopefully deciding by the time Congress returns early next month from an upcoming recess.

"She's a fact witness with a tremendous amount that she could tell us," Issa said.

Lerner, a career civil servant, is still in her position at the IRS. She was the IRS official who first publicly disclosed the matter at a legal conference on May 10.

J. Russell George, the Treasury Department inspector general for tax administration, has blamed ineffective management for allowing agents to improperly target conservative groups for so long.

On Wednesday, he hinted there may be more revelations to come. He told the oversight committee that his office has since uncovered other questionable criteria used by agents to screen applications for tax-exempt status. But he refused to elaborate.

"As we continue our review of this matter, we have recently identified some other BOLOs that raised concerns about political factors," George said. "I can't get into more detail at this time as to the information that is there because it's still incomplete."

___

Associated Press writers Alan Fram and Julie Pace contributed to this report.

___

Follow Stephen Ohlemacher on Twitter: http://twitter.com/stephenatap

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/89ae8247abe8493fae24405546e9a1aa/Article_2013-05-23-US-IRS-Political-Groups/id-0df255b340b847a59c4ae2d8b5dc7c02

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Key House chairman slams Senate immigration bill

WASHINGTON (AP) ? A key House committee chairman says a wide-ranging immigration bill just passed by a Senate committee falls far short of what is needed to end the problem of illegal immigration.

House Judiciary Committee Chairman Bob Goodlatte also says the bill is unlikely to secure the border and may just repeat mistakes made in 1986, the last time Congress passed a sweeping immigration bill.

The comments from the Virginia Republican came at a hearing Wednesday a day after the Senate Judiciary Committee passed sweeping legislation on a bipartisan vote to offer eventual citizenship to millions.

Goodlatte's comments underscored difficulties ahead in getting the House and Senate to agree on any immigration measure that could reach President Barack Obama's desk.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/key-house-chairman-slams-senate-immigration-bill-191737722.html

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Thursday, May 23, 2013

Haha, Microsoft Uses Siri to Make Fun of the iPad in a Commercial

Microsoft, which has been trying to force Windows Phone into the Android and iPhone conversation in its recent commercials, is going head on against Apple in its latest spot. That's not surprising (as Samsung loves to pick at Cupertino all the time), but what's hilarious is that Microsoft is using Apple's own Siri to do the ribbing in the commercial. You can hear Siri poke fun of the iPad when compared to the Surface in the ad. It's pretty good (for a commercial). [Windows Video]

Read more...

    


Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/gizmodo/full/~3/rHW1wDQh_BQ/haha-microsoft-uses-siri-to-make-fun-of-the-ipad-in-a-509422840

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Avaya IP Office 8.1 Named Product Of The Year! ? Avaya & NEC ...

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Internet Telephony magazine selected Avaya IP Office 8.1 as its Unified Communications Product of the Year for 2012! Criteria was based on quality and excellence in addressing the communication needs of small-to-mid size businesses.

Designed to enhance workforce flexibility, this best-in-class solution offers a wide range of benefits and capabilities including:

Scale: Supports up to 1,200 users per service with centralized licensing and management.

Video Collaboration: Enables?fully interactive, multi-party video conferencing for users inside and outside the corporate network.

Mobility: Extends service to personal devices. Make calls, check voice mail, send instant messages and see presence status from an Apple iPad or Windows device.

Microsoft Lync Integration: Click to call contacts, switch from IM to a call and access the corporate directory without costly voice licenses, complex administration, or server modifications

Simplified Networking: Avaya ERS 3500 series switches deliver one-minute plug-and-play set up with Avaya IP phones.

For more information on Avaya IP Office phone systems and how they can transform the way your office communicates within and outside of your office, call Teltek today!

Teltek is a Certified Avaya Business Partner, NEC Dealer, and Microsoft Partner with two locations in the Baltimore Metropolitan area. We specialize in providing one call technology support for small to mid-sized businesses and nonprofits in Maryland, Washington, DC, Virginia and Pennsylvania

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By: Carrie Green May 22, 2013.

Tags: Avaya IP Office 8.1, business phone systems, Internet Telephony, Product of the Year 2012, Teltek, unified communications

Source: http://myteltek.com/blog/2013/05/avaya-ip-office-8-1-named-product-of-the-year/

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TSX rallies to two-month high on Fed comments, led by miners

By John Tilak

TORONTO (Reuters) - Canada's main stock index rose on Wednesday to a two-month high, helped by gains across most major sectors on optimism that the U.S. Federal Reserve will keep its easy money policy in place for now.

Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke said the central bank's monetary stimulus is helping the U.S. economy recover, and the central bank needs to see further signs of traction before taking its foot off the gas.

Bernanke's testimony fueled a jump in the price of bullion, which often rises on commentary backing easy monetary policies, and lifted shares of gold companies.

"Gold has rallied after the up-and-down performance of the last two weeks," said John Ing, president of Maison Placements Canada. "The silver lining is the drop in gold has sparked tremendous physical buying."

Ing does not see the current easy money policy as sustainable and said the end of monetary stimulus was inevitable.

"The market, like a drug addict, is addicted to lower interest rates," he said. "Even hints of higher interest rates are enough to remove the props from the market."

The resource-heavy market advanced for the fourth straight session and, with Wednesday's gains, is up more than 3 percent on the year.

The Toronto Stock Exchange's S&P/TSX composite index <.gsptse> was up 110.48 points, or 0.87 percent, at 12,852.91. It hit a session high of 12,856.99 earlier.

Nine of the 10 main sectors on the index were higher.

Gold shares, down about 37 percent since the start of the year, gained more than 4 percent and helped lift the materials sector nearly 3 percent.

Goldcorp Inc rose 4 percent to C$28.45, and Barrick Gold Corp added 3.6 percent to C$20.60.

Energy shares rose 1.1 percent.

In company news, Talisman Energy said it expects to remove the faulty platform at its Yme oilfield in the North Sea next year and to submit a new plan for a new installation by the first half of 2015. The stock fell 0.1 percent to C$12.14.

Financials, the index's most heavily weighted sector, were up 0.6 percent.

(Editing by Nick Zieminski)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/tsx-may-open-higher-ahead-fed-minutes-bernanke-124611425.html

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Witnesses describe deadly Oklahoma tornado; Gov. Fallin says death count unknown

[Updated at 6:10 p.m. CT]

MOORE, Okla. ? Scientists surveying the aftermath here Tuesday deemed the tornado to be the worst of the worst, saying its winds were at least 200 mph and possibly stronger. Some victims didn't have long to react.

?The storm intensified very rapidly in four miles or around 10 minutes,? the National Weather Service revealed in a preliminary report.

The tornado cut a path of destruction 17 miles long and 1.3 miles wide.

Kelly Damphousse was one of those caught off guard. He and his family were unloading a 26-foot U-Haul truck at a storage facility when they spotted the ferocious funnel.

?It just kept coming,? said Damphousse, who was able to flee the twister's path.

Twenty-four people have been confirmed dead?including 9 children?and 237 were injured by the twister, Oklahoma Gov. Mary Fallin said. At a news conference Tuesday, Fallin said officials are trying to find out if other victims might have been taken to local funeral homes and have not yet been counted in the death toll.

?We're going through that debris, and we're going to keep looking until everybody's found,? FEMA Administrator Craig Fugate said at the news conference. Dozens of people have been rescued.

Fallin said authorities "don't even know if there are missing people" but will turn over every piece of debris to find survivors possibly trapped in the rubble. First responders will check each damaged piece of property three times to ensure no one who needs help is overlooked, Fallin said.

?This was the storm of storms,? Oklahoma City Mayor Mick Cornett said.

[Photos from the scene.]

Earlier, authorities said they expected more victims to be uncovered.

?Not to be pessimistic ... but we think the death toll will continue to climb as we find more bodies,? Lt. Gov. Todd Lamb said on CNN.

Mother Nature was showing no mercy to Moore on Tuesday. Drenching rains, lightning and marble-size hail slowed rescuers at times on Tuesday.

Officials said water, electricity and cell phone service was down in some areas. They urged people to stay away from the area. Residents can call 1-800-621-FEMA to find shelter.

President Barack Obama said the federal government would help with the disaster response.

?The people of Moore should know that their country will remain on the ground there for them, beside them, as long as it takes for their homes and schools to rebuild, businesses and hospitals to reopen, the parents to console, the first responders to comfort and of course frightened children who will need our continued love and attention,? Obama said Tuesday morning at the White House.

[Residents? storm stories: ?We can?t go back, the destruction is so bad?]

Seven of the dead children were found Monday night at Plaza Towers Elementary School, which took a direct hit when the tornado chewed its destructive path through Newcastle, Moore and parts of southern Oklahoma City for 50 minutes. Officials said that unlike 100 other schools in the area, Plaza Towers was not equipped with a tornado safe room.

Schools Superintendent Susan Pierce choked up at a news conference when talking about the twister, which destroyed at least two schools. She said every Moore school implemented its tornado shelter plan before the storm hit Monday. "We're in the process of learning as much as we can about what happened," she said, adding that graduation for Moore's high school seniors will still take place this Saturday in Oklahoma City.

Classes were still in session at Plaza Towers when the twister crushed nearly every corner of the property. Teachers? cars were thrown into the building, and the playground no longer exists.

?All you could hear were screams,? local resident Stuart Earnest Jr. said of the scene at the school after the storm. ?The people screaming for help. And the people trying to help were also screaming.?

?I can only hope those little kids killed didn't suffer,? said Earnest, one of many who rushed to the school to help survivors.

[In tornado's wake, worried parents seek out kids]

With several students still unaccounted for, rescuers worked overnight digging through the rubble. Police say they are still digging through the structure.

?I just hope they find her,? Shannon Galarneau said of her 10-year-old niece, a Plaza Towers student who was missing as of early Tuesday morning. ?You just feel helpless.?

The girl's younger sister, also a student at the school, survived but suffered cuts to her head and bruises on her back. The 8-year-old was still wearing her hospital bracelet while asleep on her grandmother's shoulder in the front seat of a pickup truck just after midnight.

?She said it was probably the scariest day of her life,? Galarneau said.

Monday's tornado was estimated to be more than a mile wide at times. Its path was nearly identical to the one taken by a record-breaking May 1999 tornado that devastated the area.

Galarneau and her husband could see the twister a mile and a half from their front porch and scrambled to hide.

?It barreled down fast,? said Galarneau, who found refuge in a utility closet.

[How to Help: Oklahoma storms]

Obama declared several Oklahoma counties disaster areas and pledged to support the area's rescue and recovery. The funnel?s fury crumbled homes for several blocks around the school and in other parts of Moore. Missing street signs and other landmarks made some neighborhoods unrecognizable even to locals.

?It is a barren wasteland,? Galarneau said. ?Everything is leveled.?

Allen and JoAnn Anderson huddled under quilts and pillows in their bathtub with their Yorkie, Magand, and cat, Meow, when the tornado came down their street.

?It was like standing in the middle of a train track and having the train go right over you,? said Allen, 63.

They emerged from the tub 15 minutes later to find their brick house gone and cars badly damaged.

?There?s no house. It?s just a pile of rubble,? Allen said.

The couple checked into a motel with their pets late Monday. Chunks of attic insulation were still stuck in JoAnn?s sandy-blond hair, and her legs were partially caked in dried mud.

?It could be worse,? JoAnn said. ?We're alive.?

The official count of people treated at local hospitals doesn't include unreported cases of minor injuries or the untold emotional toll.

A CVS drugstore not far from Plaza Towers elementary was averaging three to four patients an hour on Tuesday, according to Carrie Geurts, a nurse practitioner there.

?Don't endanger yourself,? said Geurts, whose MinuteClinic staff had seen patients for scrapes, a gashed leg and possible cases of PTSD.

She said a handful of civilians who had spent the night looking for casualties, ?are just glad to get in here and talk.?

?People need to remember to take care of themselves too,? Geurts said.

--Yahoo News' Liz Goodwin is reporting from New York.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/lookout/witnesses-describle-deadly-oklahoma-tornado-demolished-school-111345116.html

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Calling All Writers?It&#39;s Party Time! - Copywriting Help

?Do I contradict myself? Very well, then, I contradict myself. I am large, I contain multitudes.? ? Walt Whitman, Song of Myself
The dedicated writing student must continually search for tools to explore the core balance of plot, character, and poetics, multiple ways of climbing the great, misty mountain called story. But the [...]

The article starts below...

Written on May 22nd, 2013
Read more articles on Become a writer.

?Do I contradict myself? Very well, then, I contradict myself.
I am large, I contain multitudes.? ? Walt Whitman, Song of Myself

The dedicated writing student must continually search for tools to explore the core balance of plot, character, and poetics, multiple ways of climbing the great, misty mountain called story. But the major difference between Lifewriting? and other systems is that we concentrate on the tools from writing that also help us understand our lives?or the tools from psychology or spiritual disciplines that help us understand our craft.

With that in mind, the Parts Party from Ericksonian hypnosis is worth exploring. The ?Parts Party? is a powerful tool created by Carol Erickson, the daughter of Milton Erickson, the master hypnotist largely responsible for legitimizing hypnosis in the therapeutic community. Basically, the Parts Party technique is used with a client who lacks access to her own internal resources, or is dealing with values conflicts. Placed in trance, the client is invited to imagine a cocktail party. Each ?guest? is a personification of a different aspects?or ?parts?? of her personality. In other words, ?Ambition?? Meet ?Compassion.? ?Passion?? Meet ?Self-Respect.? The therapist can then engage in what is called ?Zero Content Therapy? where a client is led to heal herself without specific intervention.

An example would be a client of mine who was terrified to perform in a singing competition, despite months of practice. The competition would begin in mere hours, and I was brought in as a last-ditch emergency effort. I placed her in a trance, and established a communications signal?raising the right finger for a ?yes? and the left for a ?no.? Then I invited her to imagine a party, at which among the guests she would find Ambition, Fear, The Artist, Her Younger Self, and Her Future Self. I impressed upon her that the nausea and shaking she experienced when contemplating her performance was just her own inner guardians trying to protect her. And yet, there was another part of her that truly, deeply, wanted to prepare for a singing career. I suggested that if there was a way for her to satisfy the need for safety and also enjoy performing, that that would be a desirable outcome. Then I asked her future self?the one who was a professional singer (her goal) to hostess the party, to introduce the various aspects to one another, and then to let them talk it out.

After ten minutes, she signaled that the conversation was over, I brought her out of the trance?and she jumped up and said ?let?s do it!? with a verve I?d never seen from her. She blew the roof off at the recital! I never asked her exactly what conversation had gone on?in fact, it was none of my business.

A story is much the same. As one famous writing technique says, ?A story is an argument in a story mind.? In other words, every secondary character exists as a shadow aspect of the main character?s personality. If the conflicts between them can be resolved, the character gets to move to the next level of her life.
Seen this way, in The Godfather, various characters represent Michael Corleone?s ambition, love for family, spirituality, venality, passion, homicidal nature, and so forth. Watching these different aspects ?work out? their differences is a fascinating process, leading ultimately to Michael?s utter defeat and destruction at the end of the third film.

As you craft a film, book, or story, looking at it as a ?Parts Party? can be an extremely useful tool. It also allows you to enter the realm of the most primal and powerful story, the Therapeutic Metaphor, where a story is structured to create a change in the mind of the reader or viewer. Here is the suggestion: write your first draft with no concern for anything but story and character.

Then, in the process of re-write, search for meaning. Try to gain a sense of what your unconscious mind was up to, what you were trying to say. What is your thesis and counter-thesis? Once this has been determined, look at your characters again. Who is the main character? What aspects of her personality might the other characters represent? Now the conflicts between them can be seen as external versions of the internal struggles we all endure as we try to change, grow, and heal. Those actions and words can provide the lessons necessary to grow (remember the gathering of Allies and Powers on the Hero?s Journey?)

Your character may succeed, or may fail. Or may fail to get what they want, and instead get what they need. These are your choices, based upon your beliefs about human nature and the ethical structure of the universe. Controlling the secret meaning of your subsidiary characters can be an incredibly powerful way of creating meaning and emotional depth to your work?and speaking to your reader?s deeper consciousness without being polemical.

When you do this, there is another wonderful result. You are also speaking to yourself, your own inner wisdom. And you develop sensitivity to the multitudes within us all. During quiet moments of meditation, or in the ?hypnogogic? state between waking and sleep, you will hear voices within you. How powerful it can be to identify the voices as aspects of our personalities as well as positive or negative figures from our past! This approach is perfect for Lifewriting? because it allows a writer to strengthen the connection between the inner and outer worlds. When you look at your craft in this fashion, everything that you do to improve and heal yourself automatically makes you a better writer?and everything you write automatically increases your integration as a human being.

And that is a worthy goal. THAT is Lifewriting?.

About the Author: NY Times Bestselling Writer Steven Barnes has published over three million words of fiction. A dual black belt as well as a Tai Chi and yoga instructor, he was trained in Ericksonian Hypnosis. He is creator of Lifewriting?, the high-performance success system for writers and readers. Learn more at http://www.lifewriting.biz and http://www.lifewrite.com

Source: http://www.copywritinghelp.net/become-a-writer/calling-all-writers-its-party-time-3/

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Open-Source 3D Printing and Copyright Reform: It&#39;s Time to Revisit ...

Last week, I attended MSU?s Fifth Annual Conference on Innovation and Communications Law, where I saw a wonderful presentation by Joshua Pearce, an engineering and material sciences professor from Michigan Tech, on ?distributed open-source digital manufacturing? (a.k.a. open-source 3D printing). The hardware Joshua presented is called RepRap:

RepRap takes the form of a free desktop 3D printer capable of printing plastic objects. Since many parts of RepRap are made from plastic and RepRap prints those parts, RepRap self-replicates by making a kit of itself ? a kit that anyone can assemble given time and materials. It also means that ? if you?ve got a RepRap ? you can print lots of useful stuff, and you can print another RepRap for a friend?

I love conferences that bring lawyers together with technologists, because they really help the lawyers among us understand what?s at stake for developers of new technologies that intersect?maybe ?collide? is the better word?with intellectual property law. Joshua?s presentation ended with a plea to the lawyers in the room to prevent IP law from inhibiting the development and proliferation of open 3D printing technologies, which promise to revolutionize?maybe ?disrupt? is the better word?our entrenched, centralized, and outsourced manufacturing model.

I don?t know what the patent landscape looks like for the machines and methods underlying 3D printing, but from the copyright perspective, distributors of 3D printers are almost certainly insulated from secondary liability for infringement by Sony v. Universal, a seminal ?Supreme Court case from 1983 holding that the manufacturers and distributors of reprographic technologies that can be used to infringe copyrights are exempt from liability for the infringements of end users if the technologies they distribute are ?capable of substantial non-infringing uses.? The Supreme Court later clarified in MGM v. Grokster that Sony?s safe harbor will not protect distributors who operate with the proven intent to induce end users to infringe, even if the technologies at issue have substantial non-infringing uses. What Sony means for distributors of 3D printers is that they will not be liable for the copyright infringements of end users as long as they don?t encourage users to print copies of copyrighted works, including, for example, sculptures, toys, or useful articles of industrial design that incorporate copyrightable expressive elements. The technology itself is therefore safe from copyright law and from copyright injunctions prohibiting distribution.

The trickier question with 3D printers involves liability for direct infringement by end users. No one doubts that 3D printing will proliferate unauthorized copying of copyrighted works. The controversial question is what the law should do about that proliferation. The migration of 3D printing technology from the lab to the home is underway right now, and it will likely accelerate quickly given that RepRap is designed to be both low-cost and self-replicating. By happenstance, that migration coincides with the initiation of a comprehensive legislative review of U.S. copyright law, making this an opportune moment for policymakers to revisit the legal status of copying for personal use. Under our current system, copying for personal use arguably falls under the rubric of fair use, but that?s far from a foregone conclusion, even with respect to established technologies. The issue has been further complicated over the years by an increasingly expansive interpretation of what counts as a commercial (and therefore market-harming) use of a copyrighted work. Under that expansive interpretation, every unauthorized copy?even a copy made only for personal use?is viewed as commercial in nature because it theoretically represents a lost sale for the copyright owner. Restoring the eroded definitional boundary between copying for personal use and copying for commercial gain would be a step in the right direction for copyright reformers. For a lucid and still-very-timely consideration of how the law of copyrights should treat personal copying, see Jessica Litman?s article ?Lawful Personal Use? from the Texas Law Review (2007).

Source: https://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/abridy/open-source-3d-printing-and-copyright-reform-its-time-to-revisit-personal-use-copying/

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Wednesday, May 22, 2013

A divided Fed wrestles with when to slow bond buys

Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke listens as he testifies on Capitol Hill in Washington, Wednesday, May 22, 2013, before a Senate Joint Economic Committee hearing on "The Economic Outlook" . Bernanke told Congress Wednesday that the U.S. job market remains weak and that it is too soon for the Federal Reserve to end its extraordinary stimulus programs. (AP Photo/Manuel Balce Ceneta)

Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke listens as he testifies on Capitol Hill in Washington, Wednesday, May 22, 2013, before a Senate Joint Economic Committee hearing on "The Economic Outlook" . Bernanke told Congress Wednesday that the U.S. job market remains weak and that it is too soon for the Federal Reserve to end its extraordinary stimulus programs. (AP Photo/Manuel Balce Ceneta)

El presidente de la Reserva Federal de Estados Unidos, Ben Bernanke, testifica en el Capitolio en Washington el mi?rcoles 22 de mayo de 2013 ante la Comisi?n Econ?mica Conjunta. (Foto de AP/Manuel Balce Ceneta)

(AP) ? The Federal Reserve is torn over when to slow its aggressive efforts to stimulate the economy.

Its uncertainty burst into view Wednesday, when Chairman Ben Bernanke testified to Congress in the morning and the Fed in the afternoon released the minutes of its last policy meeting.

Stock prices gyrated through the day as investors struggled to determine whether the Fed might soon pull back ? even gradually ? on its extraordinary efforts.

At one point, the Dow Jones industrial average had jumped more than 150 points after Bernanke's testimony signaled his belief that it was too soon for the Fed to pull back on its support for the economy, including its $85 billion a month in Treasury and mortgage bond purchases.

But the Dow plunged and closed down 80 points after minutes from the Fed's April 30-May 1 meeting showed that several members favored cutting the level of purchases, perhaps as early as June. Even that was hard to decipher because the minutes said members would have to agree that the economy had shown strong and sustained growth before the Fed would slow its bond purchases.

The Fed is buying the bonds to try to ease long-term borrowing costs, encourage borrowing and accelerate growth. And it's said it will maintain its pace of bond purchases until the job market improves substantially.

Economists don't expect the Fed to curtail the bond purchases next month. But Paul Ashworth, chief U.S. economist for Capital Economics, said the September meeting is a real possibility.

For one thing, Bernanke told lawmakers Wednesday that the Fed might reduce the purchases within the next few meetings if the job market showed "real and sustainable progress." Bernanke is scheduled to hold a news conference after the September meeting, so Ashworth said it would allow him to directly explain the change then.

Still, whatever the Fed does is likely to be done gradually, Ashworth said.

"It could begin with a relatively trivial reduction to gauge market reaction," he said.

Most of Bernanke's testimony Wednesday to the Joint Economic Committee focused on the many risks the U.S. economy still faces and the help the Fed's support programs have provided. His remarks suggested that the Fed isn't ready to taper the bond purchases.

In recent weeks, the job market and the broader economy have shown renewed vigor. The unemployment rate has reached a four-year low of 7.5 percent. A resurgent housing market has helped lift consumer confidence. And a powerful stock market rally has made many consumers feel wealthier.

Unemployment does remain well above levels consistent with healthy economies. And some economic sectors like manufacturing are struggling. Bernanke also said higher taxes and deep federal spending cuts will likely slow growth this year.

David Wyss, a former Fed economist who teaches at Brown University, said recent economic data has been mixed, suggesting that the Fed is unlikely to change course soon.

Wyss said Fed policymakers will want to see more data and that any reduction in the Fed's current pace of bond purchases would probably not occur until the end of this year at the earliest.

"I can't see them doing anything before fall and they may well wait until next year," he said.

And when the Fed does start trimming its bond purchases, Wyss predicts they will cut the pace to around $50 billion as a first step and then spend most of 2014 gradually reducing that level to zero.

He expects investors' reaction by then to be "fairly muted."

"I would assume the market will be expecting it by the time they finally do it," Wyss said.

The prospect of a pullback in bond purchases is on the minds of several Fed policymakers, as the minutes of last meeting made clear. It wasn't what most investors wanted to hear Wednesday.

A slowing of the Fed's bond purchases would ease downward pressure on long-term interest rates. As a result, they would likely rise from near-record lows, along with mortgage rates and rates on many others loans. Stocks, which have been boosted by investors shifting money out of low-yielding bonds, would likely fall.

Though the Fed's tapering of its bond purchases would be gradual, any change from its current record-low-rate policy tends to incite anxiety.

Still, Wyss said he didn't expect any panic in the stock market because the Fed will be acting in response to a stronger economy, which is good for stocks.

"But the details are hard to know because it will depend on what the economy is doing at that point," Wyss said.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/f70471f764144b2fab526d39972d37b3/Article_2013-05-22-Federal%20Reserve/id-bd0b715c5565404bb0b9814f94d66e6f

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GOP questions IRS scrutiny of anti-abortion groups

Coalition for Life of Iowa president Sue Martinek holds a sign in her home, Tuesday, May 21, 2013, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. When the Coalition applied for tax-exempt status in 2008, the tiny group thought getting IRS approval would be easy. But the group faced months of delay, was ordered to provide details about its prayer events outside the local Planned Parenthood clinic, and even directed to sign a sworn statement pledging it would not organize protests there. (AP Photo/Charlie Neibergall)

Coalition for Life of Iowa president Sue Martinek holds a sign in her home, Tuesday, May 21, 2013, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. When the Coalition applied for tax-exempt status in 2008, the tiny group thought getting IRS approval would be easy. But the group faced months of delay, was ordered to provide details about its prayer events outside the local Planned Parenthood clinic, and even directed to sign a sworn statement pledging it would not organize protests there. (AP Photo/Charlie Neibergall)

Coalition for Life of Iowa member Ron Digmann walks in front of the Planned Parenthood clinic, Tuesday, May 21, 2013, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. When the Coalition applied for tax-exempt status in 2008, the tiny group thought getting IRS approval would be easy. But the group faced months of delay, was ordered to provide details about its prayer events outside the clinic, and even directed to sign a sworn statement pledging it would not organize protests there. (AP Photo/Charlie Neibergall)

Coalition for Life of Iowa members Marty Lammers, left, and Ron Digmann, right, pray the Rosary outside the Planned Parenthood clinic, Tuesday, May 21, 2013, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. When the Coalition applied for tax-exempt status in 2008, the tiny group thought getting IRS approval would be easy. But the group faced months of delay, was ordered to provide details about its prayer events outside the clinic, and even directed to sign a sworn statement pledging it would not organize protests there. (AP Photo/Charlie Neibergall)

Coalition for Life of Iowa member Ron Digmann holds his Rosary while praying outside the Planned Parenthood clinic, Tuesday, May 21, 2013, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. When the Coalition applied for tax-exempt status in 2008, the tiny group thought getting IRS approval would be easy. But the group faced months of delay, was ordered to provide details about its prayer events outside the clinic, and even directed to sign a sworn statement pledging it would not organize protests there. (AP Photo/Charlie Neibergall)

(AP) ? When a small anti-abortion group in Iowa sought nonprofit status, the Internal Revenue Service asked its board to promise not to organize protests outside Planned Parenthood and demanded to know how its prayer meetings and protest signs were educational.

Although the Coalition for Life of Iowa's application was ultimately approved in 2009, the tax collection agency's treatment of that and other anti-abortion groups has gotten new attention in the wake of an ongoing scandal over the alleged targeting of conservative groups.

The IRS apologized for singling out tea party groups for scrutiny in 2010 and 2011, but Republicans now are seizing on the coalition's case to question whether the effort may have been broader and started earlier.

Groups with tax-exempt status, known as 501(c)(3) nonprofits, must have educational, religious or charitable purposes and cannot be involved in elections or engage in substantial lobbying activity. But they can conduct educational campaigns about their causes that do not have to be balanced, and their members retain their constitutional rights to assemble and protest.

U.S. Sen. Charles Grassley, R-Iowa, said Tuesday the IRS was out of bounds in seeking information on the group's prayer activities and a guarantee that it wouldn't protest at Planned Parenthood.

"That's outrageous that that statement would be made by anybody in government, that somehow you've got to compromise your First Amendment rights," Grassley said. "It appears the IRS offered this group a quid pro quo: you can become a charity if you don't protest in front of a Planned Parenthood."

Outgoing Acting IRS Commissioner Steven Miller told Grassley he was unaware of the case, but apologized generally for poor service.

The Iowa group isn't the only anti-abortion organization that appears to have been singled out for scrutiny. In 2011, another IRS employee asked Christian Voices for Life of Fort Bend County in Texas whether it provided "education on both sides of the issues" in its programs and whether its members try to speak with anyone entering medical clinics, correspondence shows.

Rep. Aaron Schock, R-Ill., said last week that the Iowa and Texas groups faced unfair IRS intrusion into their activities because of "political and religious bias" that chilled their constitutional rights. He turned over their IRS correspondence to the inspector general for tax administration and demanded an explanation.

Both groups received tax-exempt status after seeking help from the Thomas More Society, a conservative legal group. But counsel Sally Wagenmaker said the cases were troubling because the IRS asked inappropriate questions about their activities even though their applications should've raised no red flags, and they were forced to retain lawyers to win approval.

"Is it something bigger? I can't say. But is it of concern? Absolutely. Now the IRS is getting into content," she said. "The common thread here is scrutiny on a content basis and seeming to really bend over backwards on the conservative side."

Tax experts said the IRS inquiries appeared to be misguided attempts to ensure that groups were educational in nature and did not interfere with the rights of patients and employees.

"I can see what they are raising, but it seems to be there are very strong First Amendment issues here," said Richard Koontz, director of the Iowa Nonprofit Resource Center. "You don't want to let one nonprofit stop the activities of another. But you certainly want them to be able to criticize from dawn to dusk what another nonprofit is doing."

The Iowa group considers its mission to educate citizens about "the sanctity of life" and it has held forums on issues such as stem-cell research and euthanasia. Members also routinely walk and pray outside Planned Parenthood in Cedar Rapids. Sue Martinek, the group's president, submitted its application for tax-exempt status in October 2008.

An IRS employee identifying herself as "Ms. Richards" from the Cincinnati office responded in April 2009 that she needed more information about its events, including all "advertisements, schedules, syllabuses, handouts, a summary of each person's speech" and more, records show.

The coalition turned over those records, including Catholic writings opposing embryonic stem cell research and cloning and brochures handed out at events, including one that accused Planned Parenthood of promoting promiscuous behavior. In follow-up calls, "Ms. Richards" asked Martinek whether the group protested outside Planned Parenthood, Martinek said.

"Ms. Richards" informed her that its prayer gatherings there would be permissible ? as long as "what we were doing would not be construed as protesting or picketing" and didn't involve harassment, according to a June 2009 email that Martinek sent to Wagenmaker. "Ms. Richards" said its application would be approved if board members promised in writing that the group would not protest outside Planned Parenthood, Martinek wrote.

Martinek said she and others were ready to sign such a statement, but that one board member saw it as a free speech violation and contacted Thomas More Society to protest.

Martinek sent a letter to IRS saying that members had debated its request not to organize Planned Parenthood protests, but wanted definitions of "organize, picketing, protesting" to ensure compliance. Rather than answer those questions, "Ms. Richards" responded with a letter seeking an explanation of how "prayer meetings held outside of Planned Parenthood are considered educational."

Wagenmaker responded with a letter saying the inquiries were legally improper and calling for the IRS to grant the application promptly. She said the coalition had organized one event to pray the rosary at Planned Parenthood and that members otherwise assembled there peacefully on their own, carrying signs such as "Women deserve better than abortion" that do not contain graphic images.

Days later, the IRS sent its approval notification.

"It was a little weird and it seemed like they wanted lots of information, but we wanted our status," Martinek said. "The IRS is so powerful, we were just hesitant to get on their bad list."

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/89ae8247abe8493fae24405546e9a1aa/Article_2013-05-22-IRS-Anti-Abortion%20Groups/id-0624e868692349dea82b06661b9b47ac

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Tuesday, May 21, 2013

NAREE Real Estate Journalism Conference Fertile Ground for ...

Why Should a Freelance Writer Come to NAREE 2013?

ATLANTA ? May 20, 2013 ? (RealEstateRama) ? NAREE Atlanta 2013 LogoRecently a freelancer covering the broad field of real estate wrote into the NAREE office asking what could she get out of attending?s NAREE?s 47th Annual Real Estate Journalism Conference in Atlanta June 5-8 ? especially since travel budgets are so tight.

Here are some good reasons: Of the freelancer writers already registered for NAREE13 from Austin, Houston, Chicago, Salt Lake City, the Washington DC area and New York ? each has been to several NAREE conferences in a row. Editors from Bloomberg, Wall Street Journal Digital, Washington Post, Atlanta Journal Constitution, Unique Homes, MSN Real Estate, Inman News, Design New England magazine, Commercial Property Executive, Senior Housing News, Student Housing Business, Southeast Real Estate Business, Northeast Real Estate Business, Sarasota Herald-Tribune, National Real Estate Investor, World Property Channel, Vendome Group, and others are also registered for NAREE?s conference at the Hilton Atlanta downtown.

Plus plenty of industry blog sites now use the work of bonafide freelancer journalists and many of the folks who run those blogs are coming to NAREE as are an amazing group of industry experts who will speak at the NAREE conference ? providing new story ideas for months to come. Only at NAREE13 can you interview experts under one conference roof on topics as diverse as ? net-zero homes, online real estate, new urbanism, home price forecasts, QRM and hard to get loans and trends in office design and building.

Opening day, Wednesday, June 5 at 4:30 PM there is a session specifically for freelancers in the digital age, plus networking time at NAREE?s Opening Reception at 5 PM, the walk over to the W high-rise tour/reception from the Hilton at 6:15 and NAREE?s President?s Hospitality Suite which opens at 9:00 PM. NAREE president Kris Hudson, Wall Street Journal, and vice president Daniel Taub, Bloomberg, will welcome the group.

On Thursday morning, June 6 at 8 AM, NAREE Board Secretary Mary Shanklin of the Orlando Sentinel will talk on the new dawn of entrepreneurial journalism during her panel on ?Digital Journalism: Covering New Ground.? Lots of networking time for freelancers and editors is also built into the afternoon tours (beginning at 2:30 PM) and receptions and, of course, the NAREE President?s Suite at 9 PM.

NAREE?s Meet the Press (MTP) on Friday at 3:45 PM at the Hilton is an excellent vehicle for freelancers to see most of the editors mentioned above for three-minute one-on-one sessions. And to get to know them better after MTP, freelancers can attend the TGIF Reception, Journalism Awards Reception and the NAREE Suite at 8:30 PM at the Hilton. Here?s a list to date of journalists who have agreed to have tables at NAREE?s Meet the Press, chaired by past president Sue Doerfler, Arizona Republic: Alyssa Abkowitz, Wall Street Journal; Lauren Beale, Los Angeles Times; Jerry Becker, MSN Real Estate; Ralph Bivins, RealtyNewsReport.com; David Bodamer, National Real Estate Investor; Andrea Brambila, Inman News; Steve Brown, Dallas Morning News; Harold Bubil, Sarasota Herald-Tribune; Oshrat Carmiel, Bloomberg; Matt Carter, Inman News; Steve Cook, Real Estate Economy Watch; Polyana da Costa, Bankrate.com; Daniel DiClerico, Consumer Reports; Candy Evans,CandysDirt.com; John Gittelsohn, Bloomberg; Matt Goldstein, Reuters; Dion Haynes, Washington Post; Matt Hudgins, Freelance writer ? New York Times; Kris Hudson, Wall Street Journal; Michelle Jarboe McFee, Plain Dealer; Valerie Kellogg, Newsday; David Levitt, Bloomberg; Lily Leung, San Diego Union-Tribune; Camilla McLaughlin, freelance writer ? Unique Homes; Mark Moffa, Unique Homes; John Nelson, Texas Real Estate Business; Lynn Peisner, Student Housing Business; Gail Ravgiala, Design New England; Doug Sams, Atlanta Business Chronicle; Jarred Schenke, Bisnow; Mary Shanklin, Orlando Sentinel; Randy Shearin, Shopping Center Business; Lew Sichelman, Syndicated Columnist; Daniel Taub, Bloomberg; Scott Trubey, Atlanta Journal Constitution; Mary Umberger, Columnist ? Chicago Tribune; Matt Valley, Seniors Housing Business; Alicia Wallace, Boulder Daily Camera; Lois Weiss, NY Post and others. (Complete list at MTP Sign-up Desk.) Make your reservations at the Hilton Atlanta today! NAREE?s room block expires Monday May 20 at the close of business. Call 800-hiltons or visit www.hilton.com and ask for ?NAREE?s $119 rate.? Register for the NAREE conference at www.naree.org. NAREE?s Atlanta conference is just two weeks away.

Don?t miss this chance to meet colleagues covering residential real estate including mortgage trends and commerical real estate including retail, hospitality and mixed-use with multifamily, senior housing and student housing. Contact Mary Doyle-Kimball Executive Director NAREE 561-391-3599 .

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    BOCA RATON, FL - February 6, 2013 - (RealEstateRama) -- The deadline is fast approaching for the National Association of Real Estate Editors' 63rd Annual NAREE Journalism Competition for real estate and home and design writers and editors.The entry deadline is March 1, 2013, for work published or aired in 2012....
  • U.S. Sen. Johnny Isakson to Deliver Keynote at NAREE
    ATLANTA - May 16, 2013 - (RealEstateRama) -- U.S. Sen. Johnny Isakson, R-Ga., will deliver the keynote speech at the National Association of Real Estate Editors (NAREE) 47th Annual Journalism Conference, set for June 5-8 in downtown Atlanta. Isakson, who has served in the Senate since 2005, will speak to the group Friday, June 7 at the Hilton Atlanta at...

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Source: http://www.realestaterama.com/2013/05/20/naree-real-estate-journalism-conference-fertile-ground-for-freelancers-ID020988.html

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Xbox One has non-replaceable hard drive, external storage is supported

Xbox One hard drive is nonuserreplaceable, can install games to external storage

We had the opportunity to chat with Albert Penello, senior director of product planning at Microsoft this afternoon, who was kind enough to clarify a few topics for us regarding the recently-unveiled Xbox One. One thing we were quick to ask about was the integrated storage. 500GB sounds like a lot today -- but so did the 20GB unit in the original Xbox 360. The HDD there was, at least, replaceable. Can you do the same with its successor? Sadly, no. Hard drives in the Xbox One are non-user-serviceable, but Penello confirmed that the USB 3.0 port is there for external storage, which can be used for everything the internal storage can be used for. That includes game installs and downloads. So, don't fret: adding storage will be just as easy as ever.

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Source: http://www.engadget.com/2013/05/21/xbox-one-hard-drive/?utm_medium=feed&utm_source=Feed_Classic&utm_campaign=Engadget

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Predicting infectious influenza

Predicting infectious influenza [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 20-May-2013
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Contact: Albert Ang
press@inderscience.com
Inderscience Publishers

Computer model predicts when viruses become infectious

A new computer model could help scientists predict when a particular strain of avian influenza might become infectious from bird to human, according to a report to be published in the International Journal Data Mining and Bioinformatics.

Chuang Ma of the University of Arizona, Tucson, and colleagues at the Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan and the Wuhan Institute of Virology, explain that since 1997 several strains of avian influenza A virus (AIV), commonly known as "bird flu" have infected people directly from their natural bird hosts leading to numerous deaths. The most recent outbreak is "H7N9" bird flu, which emerged in China in February 2013. The team has now developed a computational technique that allows them to predict whether or not a given strain of bird flu has the potential to infect people. Such a tool would allow the health authorities to monitor specific strains in among wild and domestic birds and so predict with more certainty whether or not that strain is likely to cause a global pandemic of influenza in people.

The method is based on analyzing ninety signature positions in the inner protein sequences of different strains of the virus, the researchers explain. These positions are then correlated with more than 500 different physical and chemical characteristics of the virus. The researchers then use data mining techniques to match up specific physicochemical characteristics with bird to human infectivity. This can then be tracked back to the presence of mutations in the proteins of emerging strains. The team has successfully validated their system, which they refer to simply as "A2H", against known strains of bird flu and those that are infectious to people.

"A2H might be useful in the early warning of interspecies transmission of AIV, which is beneficial to public health," the team says. "It will be further validated and upgraded when more virus strains become available," they add. A similar approach might also one day be extended to other viruses that emerge from non-human hosts and become infectious to people.

###

"Predicting transmission of avian influenza A viruses from avian to human by using informative physicochemical properties" in Int. J. Data Mining and Bioinformatics, 2013, 7, 166-179


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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Predicting infectious influenza [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 20-May-2013
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Albert Ang
press@inderscience.com
Inderscience Publishers

Computer model predicts when viruses become infectious

A new computer model could help scientists predict when a particular strain of avian influenza might become infectious from bird to human, according to a report to be published in the International Journal Data Mining and Bioinformatics.

Chuang Ma of the University of Arizona, Tucson, and colleagues at the Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan and the Wuhan Institute of Virology, explain that since 1997 several strains of avian influenza A virus (AIV), commonly known as "bird flu" have infected people directly from their natural bird hosts leading to numerous deaths. The most recent outbreak is "H7N9" bird flu, which emerged in China in February 2013. The team has now developed a computational technique that allows them to predict whether or not a given strain of bird flu has the potential to infect people. Such a tool would allow the health authorities to monitor specific strains in among wild and domestic birds and so predict with more certainty whether or not that strain is likely to cause a global pandemic of influenza in people.

The method is based on analyzing ninety signature positions in the inner protein sequences of different strains of the virus, the researchers explain. These positions are then correlated with more than 500 different physical and chemical characteristics of the virus. The researchers then use data mining techniques to match up specific physicochemical characteristics with bird to human infectivity. This can then be tracked back to the presence of mutations in the proteins of emerging strains. The team has successfully validated their system, which they refer to simply as "A2H", against known strains of bird flu and those that are infectious to people.

"A2H might be useful in the early warning of interspecies transmission of AIV, which is beneficial to public health," the team says. "It will be further validated and upgraded when more virus strains become available," they add. A similar approach might also one day be extended to other viruses that emerge from non-human hosts and become infectious to people.

###

"Predicting transmission of avian influenza A viruses from avian to human by using informative physicochemical properties" in Int. J. Data Mining and Bioinformatics, 2013, 7, 166-179


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-05/ip-pii052013.php

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Irish potato famine pest identified

Scientists have used plant samples collected in the mid-19th Century to identify the pathogen that caused the Irish potato famine.

A plant pest that causes potato blight spread to Ireland in 1845 triggering a famine that killed one million people.

DNA extracted from museum specimens shows the strain that changed history is different from modern day epidemics, and is probably now extinct.

Other strains continue to attack potato and tomato crops around the world.

The fungus-like infection causes annual losses of enough potatoes to feed hundreds of millions of people a year.

A team led by The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, traced the global spread of potato blight from the early 1800s to the present day.

Until now, it has been unclear how early strains of Phytophthora infestans are related to those present in the world today.

Continue reading the main story

The Irish Potato Famine

  • Altogether, about a million people in Ireland are estimated to have died of starvation and epidemic disease between 1846 and 1851
  • Some two million emigrated in a period of a little more than a decade from 1845
  • Comparison with other famines suggests the Irish famine of the late 1840s, which killed nearly one-eighth of the entire population, was proportionally much more destructive of human life than the vast majority of famines in modern times

Source: BBC History

Researchers in the UK, Germany and the US analysed dried leaves kept in collections in museums at Kew Royal Botanical Gardens, UK, and Botanische Staatssammlung Munchen, Germany.

High-tech DNA sequencing techniques allowed them to decode ancient DNA from the pathogen in samples stored as early as 1845.

These were compared with modern-day genetic types from Europe, Africa and the Americas, giving an insight into the evolution of the pathogen.

"This strain was different from all the modern strains that we analysed - most likely it is new to science," Prof Sophien Kamoun of The Sainsbury Laboratory told BBC News.

"We can't be sure but most likely it's gone extinct."

Treasures of knowledge

The researchers believe the strain - HERB-1 - emerged in the early 1800s and continued to spread globally throughout the 19th Century.

Only in the 20th Century, after new potato varieties were introduced, was it replaced by another Phytophthora infestans strain, US-1, which is now dominant around the world.

The research, published in the new open-access scientific journal, eLife, suggests crop breeding methods may have an impact on the evolution of pathogens.

"Perhaps this strain became extinct when the first resistant potato varieties were bred at the beginning of the 20th Century," said Kentaro Yoshida from The Sainsbury Laboratory.

"What is certain is that these findings will greatly help us to understand the dynamics of emerging pathogens. This type of work paves the way for the discovery of many more treasures of knowledge hidden in herbaria."

Commenting on the study, Professor Sir David Baulcombe of the Department of Plant Sciences at the University of Cambridge said it shows how we can use herb specimens to track biodiversity.

"It might be a revival in the fortunes or relevance of dried plants," he said. "It illustrates very nicely the arms race over pathogens and their host."

Phytophthora infestans - which causes potato blight - emerged in the US in 1844, and spread to Europe the following year.

The summer of 1845 was mild but very wet in the UK and Ireland, giving the perfect conditions for the blight to spread.

The failure of the crop in Ireland - which relied heavily on potatoes as a food source - led to the deaths of about a million people from starvation and disease between 1846 and 1851.

Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22596561#sa-ns_mchannel=rss&ns_source=PublicRSS20-sa

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Study: Free Computers Don't Close The Rich-Poor Education Gap

2839835109_20ff928db4_nAccording to a new study, we really don't have to worry too much about the nearly 1 in 4 children without access to FarmVille at home. "Our results indicate that computer ownership alone is unlikely to have much of an impact on short-term schooling outcomes for low-income children," report Robert W. Fairlie and Jonathan Robinson in a new study of a large-scale randomized computer give-away experiment in California. On the one hand, it's good news that doomsday predictions for computer-less children have been exaggerated. However, giving out computers was one of the easier solutions to closing the poverty educational outcome gap, and now we have to go back to the drawing board.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/R-Vm2TXH6aE/

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Apple 'tax gimmicks': rotten to the core or sensible business?

Two senators on Tuesday plan to grill Apple CEO Tim Cook about the company's tax practices, which they say cheat the US out of billions of dollars. Apple says it's playing within the rules.

By David Grant,?Staff writer / May 20, 2013

Apple CEO Tim Cook speaks during an event to announce new products in San Jose, Calif., in this Oct. 23, 2012, file photo. On Tuesday, he faces a Senate panel more interested in Apple's success at tax avoidance.

Marcio Jose Sanchez/AP/File

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?While technology giants like Apple are esteemed by the public for their role as innovative engines of America?s economy, two influential senators will grill the tech giant Tuesday for what they see as a less sterling part of its resume: tax avoidance.

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Sens. Carl Levin (D) of Michigan and John McCain (R) of Arizona will put Apple CEO Tim Cook to a congressional roasting before their Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, alleging that the company shielded as much as $10 billion in profits per year through creative accounting measures which, while legal, violate the spirit of American tax law.

Apple?s tax moves are ?right at the top of the list of creative tax gimmicks,? Senator Levin told reporters Monday. ?I had never seen anything like this, and we don?t know anybody who has seen anything like this.?

Apple isn?t alone in drawing the committee?s ire: Last year, fellow tech titans Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard were the focus of another hearing on tax avoidance strategies. Apple holds some $100 billion in cash overseas.

The inquiry cuts right to the heart of several brewing debates in Washington. First are questions of equity in the tax system, where lawmakers find it hard to explain why a US-based company like Apple can negotiate a special 2 percent tax rate with Ireland for a chunk of its foreign profits, for example.

That question of tax fairness is of particular importance in today?s tight fiscal times, with lawmakers straining for ways to find new revenues in politically palatable ways or reduce spending without cutting into core government functions from military spending to the social safety net.

In the long run, the issue of how the nation should structure corporate taxation is a key piece of America?s global competitiveness, an issue often raised by tax reformers like Sen. Max Baucus (D) of Montana and Rep. Dave Camp (R) of Michigan, the chairs of the tax-writing committees in the Senate and House. They want to close tax deductions and lower tax rates for both individuals and corporations ? and shift most corporate profits earned abroad into a lower tax threshold than the 35 percent rate that hits many private sector bottom lines today.

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/csm/~3/nii7UozMF_M/Apple-tax-gimmicks-rotten-to-the-core-or-sensible-business

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